Modeling Anti-Bullying Actions in Islamic Higher Education: A Mixed-Method Study

Bullying remains a persistent challenge in higher education, particularly in Islamic institutions where moral and spiritual values emphasize the protection of human dignity. This study aims to analyze students’ perceptions, attitudes, and social support regarding bullying in Islamic higher education, as well as identify key determinants of anti-bullying actions. Using a Mixed-Method Sequential Explanatory Design, the research involved 92 students from IAI Nasional Laa Roiba. Quantitative data were collected through a 25-item Likert-scale questionnaire measuring perceptions, attitudes, and social support, while qualitative data were obtained from eight semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that students exhibit very high awareness of bullying (mean = 4.52) and positive anti-bullying attitudes (mean = 4.36). Regression analysis shows that perception and environmental support significantly influence anti-bullying attitudes (R² = 0.642; p < 0.001). Thematic analysis further identifies five themes: understanding, personal experience, barriers, social support, and expectations toward campus policy. This study is limited by its single-institution scope and reliance on online interviews, which may not fully capture emotional nuances. The originality of this research lies in integrating statistical and thematic findings to develop a conceptual model: Awareness → Attitudes → Barriers → Social Support → Anti-Bullying Actions. Overall, the study reinforces the need for empathy-based support systems and stronger institutional policies to cultivate a safe and inclusive academic environment.