Review Instrumen Pemantauan Perilaku Geoteknik

Geotechnical behavior monitoring plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety, reliability, and sustainability of infrastructure. Geotechnical instruments are employed to detect critical parameters such as deformation, pore water pressure, settlement, soil stress, and environmental influences. This article presents a comprehensive literature review on the recent development of geotechnical instrumentation and monitoring methods, ranging from conventional devices such as inclinometers, extensometers, tiltmeters, piezometers, and earth pressure cells  to advanced technologies based on fiber optic sensing, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, and real-time digital systems. The latest approaches emphasize the integration of multi-sensor data, big data analytics, and digital twin applications to enhance early detection capabilities of potential geotechnical failures. A comparative analysis of advantages and limitations shows that effective monitoring strategies require a combination of proven conventional methods with adaptive advanced technologies. Consequently, the future direction of geotechnical monitoring systems is oriented toward efficiency, high accuracy, and predictive capabilities supported by artificial intelligence, thereby enabling faster and more reliable decision-making in geotechnical risk management